The dot product is so fundamental to linear algebra that it’s easy to take for granted that it works. Here we take a quick look at some of it’s potential by showing how it can be used to calculate the angle between two vectors.
A permutation is a function from a set into itself that is both 1 - 1 and onto. You probably know what those terms mean already, but just to refresh, a function is said to be one to one (1-1) if f(x) = f(y) implies x = y.